Depressive Episode
≥2 weeksKey Symptoms
- Depressed mood
- Anhedonia
- Sleep/appetite changes
- Fatigue
- Worthlessness
- Concentration problems
- Suicidal thoughts
DSM-5 Criteria
5+ symptoms including depressed mood OR anhedonia
Impairment: Significant distress or impairment
Manic Episode
≥1 weekKey Symptoms
- Elevated/irritable mood
- Increased energy
- Grandiosity
- Decreased sleep
- Pressured speech
- Racing thoughts
- Distractibility
- Risky behavior
DSM-5 Criteria
Elevated/irritable mood + increased energy + 3+ additional symptoms
Impairment: Marked impairment or hospitalization required
Hypomanic Episode
≥4 daysKey Symptoms
- Elevated/irritable mood
- Increased energy
- Grandiosity
- Decreased sleep
- More talkative
- Racing thoughts
- Increased activity
DSM-5 Criteria
Same symptoms as mania but no marked impairment
Impairment: Observable change but no severe impairment
Mixed Features Specifier
During episodeKey Symptoms
- Simultaneous depression + mania symptoms
- Mood lability
- Psychomotor agitation
- Racing thoughts with sadness
- Energy with hopelessness
DSM-5 Criteria
3+ symptoms from opposite pole during episode
Impairment: Severe distress and increased suicide risk
Cyclothymic Disorder
≥2 yearsKey Symptoms
- Hypomanic periods
- Depressive periods
- No major episodes
- Symptoms >50% of time
- No >2 month stable periods
DSM-5 Criteria
Chronic fluctuating mood without major episodes
Impairment: Clinically significant distress or impairment
Persistent Depressive Disorder
≥2 yearsKey Symptoms
- Chronic depressed mood
- Poor appetite/overeating
- Sleep problems
- Low energy
- Low self-esteem
- Poor concentration
- Hopelessness
DSM-5 Criteria
Depressed mood + 2+ additional symptoms for ≥2 years
Impairment: Significant distress or impairment
Mood Temperaments
Lifelong traitsCyclothymic Temperament
Mild mood swings, emotional sensitivity, mood instability
Hyperthymic Temperament
Habitually optimistic, high energy, confident, outgoing
Mood State Progression Pathways
12 monthsTemperament to Disorder
Development from subclinical traits to clinical disorder
Bipolar Episodes
Sequence of manic and depressive episodes
Treatment Response
Timeline showing therapeutic intervention success